Art by Follower of Hieronymus Bosch

"Follower of" is a specific term in museum cataloging, distinct from "workshop of" or "circle of," used when a painting closely imitates a known master's style and subject matter but almost certainly wasn't made by that master or anyone directly trained by him, sometimes made years or even decades after the original artist's death. Bosch's fantastical, densely populated hellscapes and moral allegories were popular and commercially valuable enough that they generated a long afterlife of imitators working in his manner well into the 1600s, which is exactly why so many surviving "Bosch-style" paintings in museum collections carry this careful, deliberately uncertain attribution rather than his name outright.